大人の英文法 ネイティブチェックメモ(2) -時制・態・助動詞・仮定法- →はインフォーマントのコメント，※は参考情報。●はA・B間で意見が分かれたもの。
●
She hopes (→is hoping)
for promotion. （A） ●
I was wetting (→wet)
my bed until I was about ten years old. （B） →（B）：was wettingならmy bedの後ろにevery nightを入れる。 ※反復的行為を表す進行形には副詞（句）の支えが必要だということ。 ● (a) When I ( walked / was walking ) in the park, it suddenly began to rain. (a)When
I ( walked / was walking ) in the park, I took a picture [some pictures]. →（B）： (a)はwas walkingを使う。walkedは変。 (b)はどちらも使えるが，自分にはwas
walkingの方が自然に響く。 ●
A
new shopping mall ( opens / will open ) at the beginning of next month. →（A・B）：will
open。at以下が特定の日付ならopensも使えるが，「来月の初め」では（暦などで）確定した予定とは言えない。。 ●
“Are
you free tomorrow?” “No, ( I'm / I'll be ) busy.” →（B）：I'mを使う。I'll beだと（今決めた）decisionのように響く。 ●
(a) ( I'll / I'm going to ) go to the bathroom. (b) ( I'll / I'm going to ) bring some food. willはたとえば「授業の後でトイレに行くよ」のようにまだ動作を始めていない。 (b)のbe going toは未来（たとえば明日のパーティー）の予定に使う。 willはnew
ideaを表す（「ぼくが食べ物を持って行くよ」のような状況）。 ● I'm going on a trip to Kyushu with my family this weekend. ( We'll / We're going to ) visit Nagasaki and Kumamoto. ● I feel something good will be happening (→happen). （A） ●
In Japan, which is surround by the sea, the shipbuilding industry has grown
(→grew). （A） ●
Have (→Are)
you done with this book? （この本は読み終えましたか） （A） ●
There is (→has been)
no neglect on our part.（我々の側には何の落ち度もない） （A） ●
After the hurricane, the townscape had (→was)
changed beyond recognition. （A） ●
①This camera ( is / was ) a present from my father. ②
“Is that a hand-knitted sweater?” “Yes. ( It’s / It was ) a present from
my girlfriend.” →（A）②ではIt’sも可（①は未確認）／（B）①②とも現在形は不可 ●
My father ( stays / is staying ) in Osaka on business now. →（A）どちらも可／（B）is stayingが正しい。staysは不可。 ●
“Miyuki ( lived / was living ) in America when she was a child.” “That’s
why she is good at English.” →（A・B) was livingは不可／（B）was livingは「何かの出来事が起きたとき」のような場合に使う。when she was a childでは時間帯の幅が広すぎる。 ●
I ( forget / forgot / have forgotten ) my PIN number. [The speaker is at a
bank now.] →（A・B）forgetは不可（「習慣的に忘れる」という意味になる）。／（B）自分はhave
forgottenを使う。 ● The results of the questionnaire were different from what I had expected (→was expecting). （A） ※Netspeakでは，what
I had expected：what I was expecting＝39,000：51,000 ●
“Did you hear anything about today’s game?” “Yes. ( It’s / It’s been
) canceled.” →（A・B）どちらも可。 ※It's
canceled. のcanceledは過去分詞が形容詞化していると考えられる。 ●
Female workers had little chance to be promoted. To put it another way, the idea
of gender equality ( wasn’t / hadn’t been ) formed in those days. →（B）hadn't beenを使う。 ※この文の場合はformedの形容詞化の度合いが上例よりも弱いということ？ ●
The new bridge over the bay ( is / has been ) opened to traffic. →（A）：どちらも可／（B）：has beenが正しい。isならopenedでなくopenを使う。 ●
We ran to the riverbank where the fireworks display ( was / was being ) held. →（A・B）was beingが正しい。／(B)：wasだとhad beenの意味に解釈される。 ●
The meeting room ( isn’t / isn’t being ) used now [today]. →（A）：nowがtodayの意味ならisn’tは不可。「もう使われていない（今後も使われない）」の意味ならisn’t
used nowは可。 ● We have a hot summer this year and therefore air-conditioners are selling well. →（A）：have been havingに訂正／(B)are havingに訂正。真夏なら進行形を使う。夏の終わり（もうすぐ夏が終わる時期）ならhave been havingを使う。 ●〇①She
will go to the U.S. to study next year. △②She
is going to go to the U.S. to study next year. 〇③She
is going to go to the U.S. to study next week. →〇△はAの意見。来年のような遠い未来のことにはwillを使う方がよいとのこと。Bの意見は次のとおり。 ・基本的には同意。be
going toはbe
planning toの意味で，近い未来に使う。 ・I’m
retiring in five years. とは言う。I’m
going to retire in five years. は△。 ・①のwillは彼女の意志を表すのではない。 ●(
Even with ) all his riches, he doesn't lead a happy life. （2013
早稲田大） 質問：下線部はisn't leadingにしなくてよいか？ →（B）：このままでも可。一時的なものではなく，たとえば彼の性格による永続的な状況なら現在形も使える。
◆助動詞・仮定法 ●
We should (→must)
take drastic measures. （A） ●
I haven't seen her for a long time. I wonder if I can (→will)
recognize her. （A） ●
You
must not have a barbecue on the lawn. ＝You
aren’t supposed to have a barbecue on the lawn.
（書き換え問題） →（B）：supposed→allowed，またはmust→should。be supposed toはmustほど強い意味ではない。 ●
Something urgent has come up. I’d rather we could put (→put)
off our meeting. （A） ●
Had he lived longer, Yukio Mishima would (→might) have written many more great
novels.
（A） ●
“Where do (→can）
I sit?” “Anywhere you like.” （A） →（B）：canは座る場所が少ない場合に使うが，そうでなくても使える。shouldはあらかじめ座る場所が決まっている場合に使う。doは使えるが，complaintの響きがある。 ●
This theater is capable of seating 3,000 people.＝This
theater ( seats / can seat ) 3,000 people. →（B）：seatsが正しい。事実だから。 ●
If you ( ) me, I'd have lent you some money. ①asked
②have
asked 〇③had
asked ④would
ask →（A）：①も別解となりうる（つまり，仮定法過去完了のif節で単純過去形を使う人も多い）。以下はコメント。（Bも同意見） Technically, I'd agree this [①] is wrong, but I believe many native speakers do use this form as a replacement for the past perfect.
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